Assistant Professor / UGC NET Commerce Notes PDF & Study Materials: In this article, we provides the importance of using Assistant Professor Commerce Notes and high-quality study materials for RPSC, HPSC, MPPSC, HPPSC, UPPSC, UPHESC, UPESSC, CGPSC assistant professor exam preparation. Assistant Professor Commerce Notes PDF and other study resources serve as invaluable assets in the preparation process. For aspiring candidates aiming to become Assistant Professors in the field of Commerce, these are the most important notes for subject paper.
The Commerce subject detailed notes with practice tests are very useful for Assistant Professor / UGC NET / JRF and other competitive exams preparation.
UNIT 1: Business Environment and International Business
- The Basics of Business Environment
- Main Concepts and Types of Business Environment
- Economic Environment
- Economic Systems
- Economic Policies
- Political Environment
- Role of Government in Business
- Legal Environment
- Consumer Protection Act, 2019
- Socio-cultural Factors
- Practice Test
International Business
- Scope and Importance of International Business
- Globalization
- Modes of Entry into International Business
- Theories of International Trade
- Government Intervention in Foreign Trade
- Tariffs and Non-tariff Barriers
- Indian Foreign Trade Policy (FTP)
- Practice Test
Foreign Investment and Balance of Payments
- Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)
- FDI and its Types
- Foreign Portfolio Investment (FPI)
- Balance of Payment (BoP)
- Practice Test
Regional Economic Integration, IMF, World Bank and WTO
- Regional Economic Integration
- The Stages of Economic Integration
- Types of Regional Trade Agreements
- Trade Creation and Diversion Effects
- European Union (EU)
- Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
- South Asian Association of Regional Cooperation (SAARC)
- North America Free Trade Agreement (now United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement)
- Global Financial Institutions
- International Monetary Fund (IMF)
- World Bank
- World Trade Organization (WTO)
- Agreement of Agriculture (AoA)
- General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS)
- Agreement on Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs)
- World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)
- Practice Test
UNIT 2: Accounting and Auditing
- Accounting and its Concepts
- Definition and Meaning of Accounting
- Objectives of Accounting
- Functions of Accounting
- Accounting Cycle
- Accounting Principles, Concepts and Conventions
- Basic Accounting Terms
- Classification of Expenditure
- Classification of Receipts
- Financial Statements
- Balance Sheet
- Practice Test
Partnership Accounts
- Partnership Accounts
- Goodwill
- Admission of a New Partner
- Retirement of a Partner
- Death of a Partner
- Dissolution of Partnership
- Practice Test
Corporate Accounting
- Company Accounts
- Liquidation of a Company
- Corporate Restructuring
- Holding Company
- Practice Test
Cost and Management Accounting
- Cost Accountings
- Management Accounting
- Marginal Costing
- Budgetary Control
- Process Costing
- Activity-Based Costing (ABC)
- Different Costs for Decision Making
- Target Costing
- Life Cycle Costing (LCC)
- Kaizen Costing
- Just-in-Time Costing (JIT)
- Financial Statement Analysis (FSA)
- Comparative Statements
- Ratio Analysis
- Activity Ratios
- Profitability Ratios
- Fund Flow Statement (FFS)
- Cash Flow Statement (CFS)
- Human Resource Accounting (HRA)
- Inflation Accounting
- Environmental Accounting
- Concept of Accounting Standards
- International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS)
- Practice Test
Auditing and its Recent Trends
- Auditing
- Cost Audit
- Management Audit
- Energy Audit
- Environmental Audit
- Systems Audit
- Safety Audit
- Practice Test
UNIT 3: Business Economics
- Business Economics and Demand Analysis
- Definition of Business Economics
- Objectives of Business Firms
- Meaning of Demand
- Law of Demand
- Elasticity of Demand
- Important Points in ‘Elasticity of Demand’
- Demand Forecasting
- Practice Test
Utility Analysis and Indifference Curve
- Utility
- Indifference Curve (IC)
- Production Function
- Isoquant Curve
- Law of Variable Proportions
- Laws of Returns to Scale
- Practice Test
Theory of Costs, Market Forms and Pricing Strategies
- Costs and Its Types
- Economies of Scale
- Diseconomies of Scale
- Efficiency
- Price Determination under Different Market Forms
- Price Determination under Market Forms
- Duopoly
- Monopoly
- Market Concentration
- Practice Test
UNIT 4: Business Finance
- Scope and Sources of Finance
- Meaning and Scope of Finance
- Finance Functions
- Requirements of Finance
- Share Capital or Equity Shares
- Preference Shares
- Debentures
- Institutional Finance
- Lease Financing – Definition and Features
- Practice Test
Capital Structure and Capital Budgeting
- Cost of Capital
- Important Risk Factors
- Time Value of Money
- Capital Structure
- Theories of Capital Structure
- Capital Budgeting
- Techniques of Capital Budgeting
- Decision Rule
- Practice Test
Working Capital Management and Dividend Decisions
- Working Capital Management
- Dividend Decisions
- Risk Return Analysis
- Asset Securitization
- Practice Test
International Financial Markets and Instruments
- International Monetary System
- Foreign Exchange Risks and Hedging Techniques
- Multinational Capital Budgeting
- Practice Test
UNIT 5: Business Statistics and Research Methods
- Measures of Central Tendency, Dispersion, Correlation and Regression
- Classification of Statistics
- Applications of Statistics
- Measures of Central Tendency
- The Mean
- Use of Mean
- Harmonic Mean
- The Median
- The Mode
- Use of Mode
- Measures of Dispersion
- Range
- Quartile Deviation
- Mean Deviation
- Variance, Standard Deviation and Coefficient of Variation
- Moments, Skewness and Kurtosis
- The Correlation Coefficient
- Practice Test
Probability, Research, Sampling, Testing of Hypothesis
- Introduction
- Probability Distributions
- Research – Main Concepts and Types
- Selection of Samples
- Central Limit Theorem (CLT)
- Statistical Estimation
- Testing of Hypothesis
- Analysis of VARIANCE (ANOVA)
- Assumptions
- Practice Test
UNIT 6: Business Management and Human Resource Management
- Core Management Concepts and Organization Structure
- Concept of Management
- Organization Structure
- Formal and Informal Organizations
- Mechanistic and Organic Structures
- Main forms of Formal Organizations
- Span of Control
- Delegation of Authority and Decentralization
- Practice Test
Motivation, Leadership and Corporate Governance
- Motivation – Concept and Theories
- Leadership – Concept and Theories
- Corporate governance
- Practice Test
HR Functions and Management
- Human Resource Management
- HR Cycle
- Recruitment and Selection
- Training and Development
- Practice Test
Compensation, Performance Appraisal and Collective Bargaining
- Compensation Management
- Workers Participation in Management (WPM)
- Practice Test
Personality and Organization Culture
- Personality
- Perception
- Attitude
- Emotions
- Group Dynamics
- Power and Politics
- Stress Management
- Organization Culture
- Practice Test
UNIT 7: Banking and Financial Institutions
- Banking and Financial Institutions – I
- Overview of Indian Financial System
- Functions of Financial System
- Standard Measures of Financial Development
- Banking Scenario in India – Types of Banks
- Reserve Bank of India-(RBI)
- Banking Sector Reforms
- Financial Markets
- Money Market Instruments
- Repo Rate and Reverse Repo Rate
- Capital Markets
- Stock Market Index
- Basel Norms – I, II and III
- Indian Financial System
- Types of Banks
- Practice Test
RBI Functions
- Financial Sector Reforms
- Non-Performing Assets
- Banking and Financial Institutions – II
- Development Financial Institutions (DFIs)
- Non-Banking Financial Company (NBFC)
- Pension Funds
- Mutual Funds
- Financial Regulators in India
- Financial Inclusion
- Digitalization of Banking and Other Financial Services
- Internet Banking
- National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI)
- Insurance Sector in India
- Risk
- Reassurance
- Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India (IRDAI)
- Practice Test
Domestic Financial Institutions
- NBFCs and Mutual Funds
- Mutual Funds
- Pension Funds
- Financial Regulators
- Digital Currencies
- Insurance
UNIT 8: Marketing Management
- Core Marketing Concepts
- Introduction
- Consumers
- Marketing Concepts
- Basic Flow of Marketing Concepts
- Marketing Mix
- Product Decisions
- Market Segmentation, Target and Positioning
- Product Life Cycle (PLC)
- New Product Development (NPD)
- Consumer Behaviour
- Buying Roles
- Service Marketing
- SERVQUAL
- Practice Test
Pricing, Promotion and Distribution
- Pricing Decisions
- Macro Environmental Factors
- Supplier-Marketer Specific Factors
- Promotion Decisions
- Public Relations and Publicity
- Channels of Distribution and Channel Management
- Logistics Management
- Social Marketing
- Green Marketing
- Direct Marketing
- Rural Marketing
- Customer Relationship Management
- Practice Test
UNIT 9: Legal Aspects of Business
- Indian Contract Act
- Indian Contract Act, 1872
- Capacity to Contract
- Free Consent
- Discharge of Contract
- Quasi-Contract
- Special Contracts
- Contract of Bailment
- Contract of Pledge
- Contracts of Agency
- Practice Test
Legal Aspects of Companies IT, RTI and IPRS
- The Companies Act, 2013
- Winding Up of a Joint Stock Company
- Limited Liability Partnership (LLP)
- Competition Act, 2002
- Types of Agreements
- Information Technology Act, 2000
- Right To Information Act, 2005
- Intellectual Property Rights (IPR)
- Practice Test
Legal Aspects of Sales, NIS and GST
- Sale of Goods Act, 1930
- Doctrine of Caveat Emptor
- Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881
- Negotiation and Assignment
- Goods and Services Tax Act
- Practice Test
UNIT 10: Income Tax and Corporate Tax Planning
- Income Tax
- Basic Concepts
- Exempted Income from Income Tax
- Heads of Income
- Income of Other Persons Included in Assessee’s Total Income
- Set Off and Carry Forward and Set Off of Losses
- Deductions from Gross Total Income
- Computation of Total Income and Tax Liability of Individuals
- Practice Test
International Taxation and Corporate Tax Planning
- International Taxation
- Corporate Tax Planning (CTP)
- Practice Test
[Commerce] HPSC Haryana Assistant Professor Test Series